France: School protests intensified, with 71,500 people demonstrating on Thursday and clashes with police. The government has pledged 3,000 substitute teachers as it faces demands over staffing and poor conditions. Germany: Former intelligence chief August Hanning is under arrest on suspicion of espionage. Reports say he had longstanding contacts with a former Chinese general; prosecutors have not detailed what information may have been shared. Italy: Parliament gave final approval to Giorgia Meloni’s electoral reform, which opponents plan to challenge in court. Industrial output also fell 1.3% in August, worse than expected. Britain: A European gas network report warns UK reserves could run out in a prolonged cold spell, potentially forcing costly imports. London also announced new sanctions targeting Russian oil firms, tankers and military suppliers. Spain: The death of 87-year-old Maricarmen Abascal, whose eviction sparked protests, has intensified debate over the housing crisis. Unions have called a nationwide strike for November 11 over housing and wages.